Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity¹ that interfere with functioning or development. These symptoms are often excessive, pervasive, developmentally inappropriate, and present in multiple contexts.

Here's a breakdown of the key components:

• Neurodevelopmental Disorder: ADHD is linked to differences in brain structure and function, particularly in areas controlling attention, impulse control, and activity levels.⁵ It's not something that develops due to upbringing or environment alone, although these factors can influence its expression.
• Persistent Pattern: The symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity are not occasional occurrences but rather an ongoing pattern that lasts for at least six months.
• Inattention: This involves difficulties with:
  • Sustaining focus and concentration.
  • Paying close attention to details, leading to careless mistakes.
  • Organising tasks and activities.
  • Following instructions and finishing tasks.
  • Avoiding or disliking tasks that require sustained mental effort.
  • Losing things necessary for tasks.
  • Being easily distracted by external stimuli or internal thoughts.
  • Forgetfulness in daily activities.
  • Appearing not to listen when spoken to directly.
• Hyperactivity-Impulsivity: This involves difficulties with:
  • Excessive fidgeting, squirming, or tapping.
  • Difficulty staying seated when expected.
  • Feeling restless (in adults, it may be more of an inner restlessness).
  • Running or climbing in inappropriate situations (in children).
  • Difficulty engaging in leisure activities quietly.
  • Being "on the go" or feeling driven by a motor.
  • Talking excessively.
  • Blurting out answers before questions are finished.
  • Difficulty waiting their turn.
  • Interrupting or intruding on others.
  • Acting without thinking about consequences (impulsivity).
• Interference with Functioning: The symptoms must significantly impair functioning in two or more settings (e.g., home, school, work, social situations). They are not just minor annoyances but create real difficulties in daily life.
• Developmentally Inappropriate: The behaviours are more frequent and severe than is typical for individuals of the same age and developmental level.
• Onset in Childhood: While ADHD can be diagnosed at any age, several symptoms must have been present before the age of 12 years.

Subtypes of ADHD:

ADHD is often categorised into three presentations:

• Predominantly Inattentive Presentation: Primarily characterised by symptoms of inattention, with fewer symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity. This was sometimes referred to as ADD in the past.
• Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation: Primarily characterised by symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity, with fewer symptoms of inattention.¹⁶
• Combined Presentation: Characterised by a significant number of symptoms in both the inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity categories.

It's important to remember that ADHD is a complex condition, and its presentation can vary significantly from person to person. Diagnosis requires a comprehensive evaluation by a qualified healthcare professional.