Lupus, formally called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues and organs. This can lead to widespread inflammation and damage in various parts of the body. The term "lupus" itself means "wolf" in Latin, a name given centuries ago because the facial rash it sometimes causes was thought to resemble the bite marks of a wolf.

Here's a breakdown of key aspects of lupus:

• Autoimmune Disorder: In lupus, the immune system, which normally defends the body against infections, produces autoantibodies that target the body's own cells and tissues. This can affect virtually any organ system.
• Systemic Disease: SLE is a systemic disease, meaning it can affect multiple parts of the body, including the skin, joints, kidneys, brain, heart, lungs, and blood vessels.
• Varied Symptoms: Lupus is often called "the great imitator" because its symptoms can vary widely from person to person and can mimic those of other illnesses. Symptoms can develop suddenly or slowly and can be mild or severe. Most people with lupus experience periods when symptoms worsen (flares) and periods when they improve (remission).
• Common Symptoms: Some of the more common symptoms include:
  • Fatigue
  • Joint pain, stiffness, and swelling
  • Skin rashes, often a butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and bridge of the nose
  • Fever
  • Hair loss
  • Mouth or nose ulcers
  • Sensitivity to sunlight (photosensitivity)
  • Chest pain when breathing deeply
  • Pale or purple fingers or toes from cold or stress (Raynaud's phenomenon)
  • Headaches, confusion, and memory problems
• Types of Lupus: While SLE is the most common form, there are other types, including:
  • Cutaneous Lupus: Primarily affects the skin.
  • Drug-induced Lupus: Caused by certain medications and usually resolves when the medication is stopped.
  • Neonatal Lupus: A rare condition affecting newborns of mothers with lupus.
• Causes and Triggers: The exact cause of lupus is unknown, but it's believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Potential triggers for lupus flares include sunlight, stress, infections, and certain medications.
• Diagnosis: Diagnosing lupus can be challenging as there's no single definitive test. Doctors rely on a combination of medical history, physical examination, blood and urine tests (looking for autoantibodies and signs of inflammation or organ involvement), and the presence of characteristic symptoms.
• Treatment: There is currently no cure for lupus, but treatments aim to manage symptoms, reduce inflammation, prevent flares, and minimise organ damage. Treatment options include medications such as:
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain and inflammation.
  • Antimalarial drugs like hydroxychloroquine for skin and joint problems and fatigue.
  • Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation.
  • Immunosuppressants to suppress the overactive immune system.
  • Biologics are a newer class of drugs that target specific parts of the immune system.

Lupus is a complex and chronic condition that requires ongoing management and care by a healthcare team, often including a rheumatologist. With proper treatment and lifestyle adjustments, many people with lupus can lead active and fulfilling lives.